The pilot reform on the procuratorate of cross-administrative division in China and its reflection - from the perspective of pilot program in Shanghai

China’s procuratorate is established geographically according to administrative division. Its prosecutors are elected and the exercise of its power is guaranteed by local people’s congress, which results in difficulties with respect to the independence of procuratorial power. In order to overcome the judicial localization and guarantee judicial fairness, China chosed a procuratorate respectively in Shanghai and Beijing to initiate a pilot reform on the procuratorate of cross-administrative division at the end of 2014 and has harvested some fruits. However, from the perspective of the circumstances of the pilot reform in Shanghai, the current situation of jurisdiction over cases is not consistent with the original intention of the reform in some aspects. The scope of cases likely to be intervened by local force shall be made clear and incorporated gradually under the jurisdiction of a procuratorate of cross-administrative division, and a more extensive reform plan shall be carried out at suitable time

The pilot reform on the procuratorate of cross-administrative division in China and its reflection - from the perspective of pilot program in Shanghai

China’s procuratorate is established geographically according to administrative division. Its prosecutors are elected and the exercise of its power is guaranteed by local people’s congress, which results in difficulties with respect to the independence of procuratorial power. In order to overcome the judicial localization and guarantee judicial fairness, China chosed a procuratorate respectively in Shanghai and Beijing to initiate a pilot reform on the procuratorate of cross-administrative division at the end of 2014 and has harvested some fruits. However, from the perspective of the circumstances of the pilot reform in Shanghai, the current situation of jurisdiction over cases is not consistent with the original intention of the reform in some aspects. The scope of cases likely to be intervened by local force shall be made clear and incorporated gradually under the jurisdiction of a procuratorate of cross-administrative division, and a more extensive reform plan shall be carried out at suitable time

Nucleic Acid Detection of Major Foodborne Viral Pathogens: Human Noroviruses and Hepatitis A Virus

Human noroviruses (hNoVs) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are the leading cause of foodborne viral illness, and they exact a considerable economic and health toll worldwide. The detection of viral contamination in foods requires highly sensitive and accurate methods, due to the intrinsically low amounts of viruses and the complexity of the sample matrices. In recent years, a wide variety of nucleic acid-based molecular methods have been developed for the detection of hNoVs and HAV, displaying superior sensitivity, specificity, and speed. This chapter aims to provide a summary of the application of the molecular methods for the detection of the two important foodborne viruses